Laser welding nyob rau hauv qhov sib sib zog nqus- hom kev nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab yog ib qho kev cog lus hlau koom nrog hauv kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no; Txawm li cas los xij, nws daim ntawv thov feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm porosity tsis xws luag. Muab hais tias qhov pore tsim muaj feem ntau nonlinear thiab multi-coupled txheej txheem lub cev-thiab yog ib qho nyuaj rau saib xyuas * nyob rau hauv situ* nyob rau hauv opaque hlau- raug kwv yees qhov porosity tsis xws luag thiab lawv cov hauv paus txheej txheem mechanisms tseem yog ib qho nyuaj heev. Cov kev tshawb fawb parametric ib txwm siv thiab cov qauv kev kawm tshuab raws li cov qauv vuam tsis zoo tsuas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txwv txog kev muaj peev xwm dav dav, qhov tseeb hauv kev kwv yees sib sib zog nqus- zaum porosity, thiab kev txhais lus. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb no, txoj kev tshawb fawb no nthuav tawm ib qho tshiab Physics-Kev Qhia Txog Kev Kawm Sib Nrauj (PIDL) lub hauv paus uas ua ke nrog cov qauv siv tshuab nrog cov ntaub ntawv sim, txhawm rau kwv yees qhov porosity theem thaum lub laser vuam ntawm aluminium alloys thiab elucidate lub hauv paus lub cev mechanisms lub luag hauj lwm rau lawv tsim.
Hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm porosity hauv laser vuam- qhov tshwm sim uas tau tsav los ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj xws li keyhole instability, melt pool dynamics, thiab solidification- txoj kev tshawb no nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem kev kwv yees tshiab uas sib koom ua ke multiphysics cov lej simulation nrog kev kawm tob. Cov kev tshawb fawb pib los ntawm kev rho tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev - hais txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub qhov tseem ceeb, yaj lub pas dej geometry, kua hlau ntws, thiab cov yam ntxwv thermal- siv cov qauv multiphysics validated los ntawm kev sim cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li lub hauv paus no, tus qauv PIDL tsim tau ua tiav 41% txo qis ntawm qhov yuam kev squared (MSE) piv rau cov qauv kev kawm sib sib zog nqus uas tau kawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis sib xws. Txhawm rau txhim kho tus qauv kev txhais lus, cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev mus rau hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov sib txawv nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev (xws li, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, Stokes tooj). Thaum kawg, siv SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) tsom xam, txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsim ntau ntau- thawj zaug- qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam ntawm lub cev hauv cov txheej txheem tsim porosity; tshwj xeeb, nws tau txheeb xyuas qhov sib piv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus uas tau tsav los ntawm cov dej ntws mus rau hauv qab raws li ob qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev txiav txim siab ntawm porosity tsim, yog li muab cov lus qhia meej rau cov txheej txheem optimization.
Daim duab 1 qhia txog cov duab zoo ib yam ntawm cov porosity faib tau nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sib txuas, tom qab ua tiav ntawm X-ray tshuaj xyuas thiab cov duab lees paub algorithms. Daim duab qhia tau hais tias raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov vuam tsis sib txawv, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv qhov ntau, qhov loj, thiab kev faib tawm ntawm qhov pores hauv cov weld seams; cov ntaub ntawv porosity no ua cov ntawv sau rau kev cob qhia tom ntej ntawm cov qauv kev kawm tob.
Daim duab 2 nthuav qhia ib daim duab schematic ntawm tus qauv multiphysics tus lej ua haujlwm hauv txoj kev tshawb no. Los ntawm kev daws qhov kev sib npaug ntawm kev txuag rau huab hwm coj, lub zog, thiab lub zog-thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob-tracing algorithm- tus qauv no suav nrog ntau qhov kev xav thiab lub zog nqus ntawm lub teeb laser hauv lub qhov tseem ceeb. Daim duab 2(a) qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub laser beam rau hauv ntau sub-rays, txhua tus nqa ib lub zog tshwj xeeb; Daim duab 2(b) geometrically depicts lub duav ntawm lub duav ntawm lub laser; thiab Daim duab 2(c) pom kev ua rau cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm ntau qhov kev xav tau dhau los ntawm laser sub{10}}rays hauv lub qhov tseem ceeb. Cov qauv no muab peb-qhov ntev, cov ntaub ntawv ncua sij hawm txog keyhole morphology thiab melt pool flow fields-cov ntaub ntawv uas nyuaj kom tau txais kev sim-yog li ua kom muaj cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho ntawm PIDL qauv.
Daim duab 3 nthuav qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv multiphysics, sib piv cov kev ntsuas ntsuas nrog cov qauv kev kwv yees rau lub pas dej tob tob (Daim duab . 3(a)) thiab yaj pas dej ntev (Daim duab . 3(b)) nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsis zoo. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom muaj kev pom zoo ntawm cov qauv kev kwv yees thiab cov ntaub ntawv sim; tshwj xeeb, qhov txheeb ze yuam kev rau kev kwv yees qhov tob ntawm lub pas dej ua ke poob nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm -6.3% mus rau 20.9%, thaum qhov kev ua yuam kev rau lub pas dej ua ke ntev kwv yees li ntawm -16.9% mus rau 20.4%. Cov txiaj ntsig kev lees paub no tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv tsim multiphysics, ua kom pom nws lub peev xwm los muab cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm lub cev muaj zog rau cov qauv kev kawm sib sib zog nqus.
Daim duab 4 qhia txog qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm PIDL qauv- tau kawm siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev ncaj qha - hauv kev kwv yees porosity. Daim duab 4(a) qhia tau hais tias kev poob haujlwm rau tag nrho cov sub- qauv nyob rau hauv lub koom haum kev kawm koom ua ke tau zoo. Cov duab 4(b) thiab 4(c) tam sim no sib piv ntawm qhov kwv yees thiab qhov tseeb porosity qhov tseem ceeb rau kev cob qhia thiab kev xeem, raws li. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias tus qauv PIDL tau ua tiav MSE ntawm 0.32 ntawm qhov kev cob qhia thiab 0.75 ntawm cov txheej txheem xeem, yog li ua kom pom cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm kawm tau zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis sib xws ntawm lub cev sib txawv thiab qhov porosity, thiab ua tiav qhov kev kwv yees kom muaj nuj nqis.
Daim duab 5, los ntawm SHAP tsom xam, qhia qhov qeb duas ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev ntawm qhov porosity twv ua ntej. Daim duab 5(a) qhia tau hais tias, ntawm tag nrho cov xaiv lub cev hloov pauv, qhov siab tshaj plaws downward tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov kua hlau ntws exerts qhov loj tshaj ntawm porosity, ua raws li los ntawm lub qhov tob ntawm lub qhov. Daim duab 5(b) qhia txog kev faib cov kev koom tes los ntawm txhua qhov tshwj xeeb rau qhov kev twv ua ntej rau txhua tus qauv, uas yog liab sawv cev rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab xiav sawv cev rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tsawg. Kev tsom xam ua ke qhia tau hais tias qhov siab tshaj plaws downward tshaj tawm yog tsis zoo correlated nrog porosity (piv txwv li, lub zog downward flow, qhov siab dua qhov porosity), whereas lub qhov tob tob yog zoo correlated nrog porosity (xws li, qhov ntxaum lub qhov tseem ceeb, qhov siab dua qhov porosity).
